We found that the diabetes (STZ/VEH) group showed significantly reduced Nrf2 transcriptional activity in PBMCs compared to the CTL/VEH group, and that TOP administration of BA (BA-TOP) had little effect, while BA administration by either IP alone or a combination of IP and TOP (IP/TOP) partly reversed this effect (Figure 3a). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.