NFKB1 and diabetes mellitus: We then determined the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 and NFκB p65 by measuring related protein levels in nuclear extracts, and the results from western blotting showed that treatments with BA-TOP and BA-IP partly, while BA-IP/TOP treatment completely, reversed diabetes (STZ/VEH)-mediated NFkB p65 activation and Nrf2 suppression (Figures 5d, e and S1f, see online supplementary material).