Parkin is an E3 Ub ligase for hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and can ubiquitinate HIF-1α at lysine 477 (K477), inhibit HIF-1α transcriptional activity, and induce its degradation to suppress breast cancer cells invasion and metastasis 21, 22. Here, HIF1A is linked to breast carcinoma.