Previous researches on the biological activity of PRDC and our results in this studies all confirmed that PRDC exerts its roles via antagonizing the BMP cascade 9, 11, 14, and no studies have investigated the direct effect of PRDC on dPASMCs, let alone the phenotype transform of dPASMCs under the condition of PAH. This evidence concerns the gene GREM2 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.