In particular, the work of Chandler et al. clearly showed that the combination of neonatal intravenous delivery of high doses of AAV with strong promoters, like the hepatocyte-specific TBG (used in several clinical trials including NCT03173521) or the constitutive chicken beta actin promoter, cause insertional mutagenesis and HCC in mice51. Here, ACTB is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.