It has been reported that SOCS-1 and SOCS3 are associated with insulin resistance by negative regulation of IRS-1 and IRS-2.Another study demonstrated that the increase (miRNA-518d) might contribute to the pathology of the development of GDM by the effect on the regulation of proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) expression [135]. This evidence concerns the gene IRS2 and gestational diabetes.