Notably, IFNγ+ IL-17+ CD4+ T cells, termed transient Th17 cells (t-Th17) and known to be enriched in SF from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, were also enriched in the combined ICI group (% within CD4+ T cells; PD-1 inhibitor arthritis vs. combined ICI arthritis; 0.73 ± 0.69 vs. 1.54 ± 0.30; P = 0.04). Here, CD4 is linked to juvenile idiopathic arthritis.