To determine the mechanisms driving these, we also tested the expression of cytokines associated with BE and EAC, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), caudal-related homeobox transcription factor-2 (CDX-2), muc-2, and c-myb. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Barrett esophagus.