ACE2 and vasculitis: As this latter virus shows an identical immunopathology but does not target the ACE2 receptor [23, 25] and recent studies showing low or even absent endothelial cells ACE2 expression [26–28], then it is likely that novel beta coronaviruses are capable of mediating immunopathology, including vasculitis, independently of the ACE-2 receptor and that factors extrinsic to ACE-2 appear to be critical to COVID-19 related vasculopathy, which is the focus of this paper.