ACE and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Importantly, the efficacy of several neurotherapeutics have been shown in preclinical pulmonary hypertension models: beta-blocker therapy (bisoprolol, carvedilol, nebivolol), RAAS inhibitors (angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, recombinant ACE2), renal denervation, parasympathomimetics (pyridostigmine), and vagal nerve stimulation (177, 178, 179).