As a result, expression levels of several phototransduction-related genes, blue opsin, recoverin, GNAT1, GNAT2, and an aging-related gene, CRYGD, and complement and coagulation cascades- and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway-related gene, F2R, were significantly lower in photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts derived from EYS-RP patients compared to age-matched normal volunteers. Here, F2R is linked to retinitis pigmentosa 1.