TNF and influenza: Lung homogenates were evaluated by multiplex ELISA (Quansys) to quantify several cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES) implicated in influenza-mediated acute lung injury (Fig. 5c, d)33,34.