TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the current study, TNF-α, MCP-1 and TBARS levels were elevated in the CON group, increasing the likelihood that ob/ob mice would develop obesity along with pre-diabetic condition and confirming the anti-obesity effect of MLPH by reducing TNF-α, MCP-1 and TBARS levels, although the mechanism of improvement of adipose tissue by MLPH treatment was not clearly revealed.