HMOX1 and kidney injury: Meldonium, an anti-ischemic drug clinically used to treat myocardial and cerebral ischemia that shifts energy production from fatty acid oxidation to less oxygen-consuming glycolysis, increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, thereby increasing the expression and activity of antioxidants such as SOD, GPx and GST, leading to protection against I/R-induced kidney injury [121].