SPHK1 and urogenital neoplasm: In addition, a selective A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) agonist [237] and IL-11 [238] protected I/R-induced kidney injury and apoptosis/necrosis in RTCs by activating SphK1 via nuclear translocation of HIF-1α, whereas the inhibition of HIF-1α blocked SphK1 activity [238].