We used the following search terms: “chronic kidney disease”, “developmental programming”, “DOHaD”, “reprogramming”, “gut microbiota”, “probiotics”, “prebiotics”, “synbiotics”, “postbiotics”, “mother”, “pregnancy”, “gestation”, “offspring”, “progeny”, “uremic toxin”, “nephrogenesis”, “nephron number”, “kidney”, “aryl hydrocarbon receptor”, and “hypertension”. The gene discussed is AHR; the disease is chronic kidney disease.