PTP4A3 and gastric cancer: Moreover, ERK may alter MMP activity, which affects gastric cancer (GC) cell migration or invasion, and many proteins upstream of the ERK/MAPK pathway, such as IL-22, RasGAP-activating-like protein 1 (RASAL1), protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3 (PRL3), nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (NAIF1), coiled-coil domain-containing protein 134 (CCDC134), and zinc finger protein (ZIC1) that potentially affect invasion and migration in GC cell lines [158].