For instance, miRNAs, such as miRNA-19b-3p, which is secreted by tubular epithelial cells during LPS-induced AKI, activates M1 macrophages, subsequently leading to a secretion of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS, macrophage infiltration, and tubulointerstitial inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and acute kidney injury.