Regarding the immune aspect, the dendritic cells involved in the interplay of gut dysbiosis and AKI, the TLR-4 and Th17 that are crucial players in innate and adaptive immunity, respectively, the monoclonal antibodies that disrupt the cytokine production, and the renoprotective effect of the gut-derived D-serine, are suggested targets for further studies. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is acute kidney injury.