TNF and infection: Then, through investigating the common and specific core signaling pathways between COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS in Figure 4, we identified common specific biomarkers of infection pathogenesis as drug targets, which were TNF, NFκB, HIF1A, GRP78, FTO, and BECN1 (in Table 6) for COVID-19-associated ARDS and TNF, NFκB, HIF1A, and FOXA1 (in Table 7) for non-viral ARDS.