MTOR and myopia: Li et al. indicated that the insulin receptor activation resulted in the phosphorylation of AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in retinal pigments epithelial cell line (ARPE-19), leading to the secretion of pathological myopia related proteins such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP)-2, and this effect was suppressed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 [40].