MAPK8 and Insulin resistance: Furthermore, IL-6, TNF-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, along with receptor proteins such as receptor advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) work together and activate the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathways, which mediate insulin resistance [170,176].