In another two studies that applied microarray techniques, cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), and leptin (LEP) were also found to be critical genes for GDM pathogenesis [92]. Here, CYP1A1 is linked to gestational diabetes.