INS and gestational diabetes: Five types of first-trimester GDM predictors have been reported: (a) blood glucose markers such as fasting glucose, post-load glucose, and hemoglobin A1C; (b) insulin-resistance markers like fasting insulin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG); (c) inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and TNF-α; (d) fat cell-derived markers including adiponectin and leptin; and (e) markers in placenta such as placental exosome, placental growth factor (PLGF), and follistatin-like-3 [186].