Furthermore, the TME may dysregulate some key genes associated with hallmark cancer pathways [115,116], such as HIF-1α (de-regulating cellular energetics), telomerase activation (enabling replicative immortality) [116], and activation of the NF-κβ and TGF-β pathways (antagonizing growth suppressor activity of p53 pathways) [117]. Here, HIF1A is linked to cancer.