HIF1A and cancer: HIF-1α binds to the promoter of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, and in some cancers, isoforms of LDHA subunits have the highest efficiency of converting pyruvate to lactate and are linked to increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression, increased tumor size, enhanced metastatic potential, and a poor prognosis [22,118,119].