In other chronic inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis, or autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), it was observed that the co-administration of L. casei with type II collagen and glucosamine to osteoarthritis-affected mice decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13, and up-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Here, TNF is linked to osteoarthritis.