Genome-wide association studies have highlighted higher IBD genetic risk in individuals with NOD2 receptors, autophagy-related protein 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity-related GTPase family, M (IRGM), IL-23 receptor gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) variants [111,113]. This evidence concerns the gene PTPN2 and inflammatory bowel disease.