PTPN1 and diabetes mellitus: As one of the most important global health problems, diabetes mellitus could be treated with several M. charantia-derived bioactive compounds, mainly through inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase, activating AMPK, JNK, and Akt signal pathways, activating PTP1B activities, and inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE).