In STZ-induced diabetic rats, M. charantia leaf nanoparticles (50 mg/kg) could alleviate diabetes nephropathy through regulating SOCS/JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt/PTEN signaling pathways: levels of Akt, PI3k, TGF-β, JAK2, STAT3 were down-regulated; the expressions of PTEN, SOCS3 and SOCS4 were up-regulated [60]. Here, PTEN is linked to diabetes mellitus.