TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: In addition, by using global KO mice or AAV9-mediated troponin C targeted deletion in cardiomyocytes, a recent study by Miao et al. demonstrates that transmembrane TNFα (mTNFα) attenuates pressure-overload TAC cardiac hypertrophy via TNFR2 [72] and suggests that preventing mTNFα cleavage by targeting the TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) rather than inhibiting TNFα signaling might be a valuable approach in HF [73].