TNF and aortic stenosis: To achieve this goal, there is accumulating evidence that advances in understanding the role of inflammation in tissue remodeling are essential [25].The current review examines the ambivalent role of inflammation (mainly TNFα-related) and cardiac macrophages (Mφ) in pathophysiologies related to hypertension, aortic stenosis, genetic cardiomyopathies, and sepsis or aging, with a special focus on related protective signaling processes.