The detection of these possibilities is outside the capability of our current model systems; however, our work in mammalian cells and the presence of polyA proteins in SCA3/MJD patient tissue [30] support our focus on the aberrant translation of the polyS and polyA reading frames as a reasonable measurement of the occurrence of RAN translation in SCA3/MJD flies. Here, RAN is linked to Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.