It remains to be established whether RAN translation does indeed occur in SCA3/MJD patients; once that is determined, patient-derived neuronal and glial cultures, alongside organoid-based examinations and mammalian models of disease, can detail the relative contributions of RAN-type translation in SCA3/MJD initiation and progression. The gene discussed is ATXN3; the disease is Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.