INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Since ASI monotherapies have not effectively reversed hyperglycemia in NOD mice after T1D onset (e.g., [1,25,32]), we combined PPIL4-20 or insulin B9-23 ASI with a suboptimal dose of oral GABA in order to functionally evaluate the ability of insulin B9-23 vs. PPIL4-20 to promote ß-cell tolerance.