CXCL12 and neoplasm: Similarly, CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 activates pro-metastatic signaling by decreasing E-cadherin expression but inducing ICAM-1 expression (InterCellular Adhesion Molecule) [210]; however, it has been shown that high levels of ICAM-1 in CRCs are associated with decreased tumor progression and liver metastasis [211].