However, apart from hypoxia, nonhypoxic stimuli such as growth factors (e.g., PDGF, TGF-β, IGF-1, and EGF) and cytokines activate signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT, MAPK) that are implicated in cancer cell proliferation and growth, and also affect HIF activation [93,168,169,170,171,172]. Here, AKT1 is linked to cancer.