IGFBP3 and posterior cortical atrophy: In many malignant cells, calcitriol modulates growth-factor actions such as upregulation of the expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene in PCa cells, which in turn leads to an increase in the expression of p21, causing cell cycle arrest and inhibits NF-κB activation and indirectly influencing the expression of HIF-α mRNA [88,103].