One study has demonstrated that calcitriol-mediated antiproliferative effects on tumor-derived endothelial cells (TDEC) are VDR dependent and that loss of VDR in knockout models can lead to an increase in HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang1, and PDGF-BB levels and subsequent abnormal tumor angiogenesis [108]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.