VEGFA and neoplasm: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical in initiating angiogenesis, and has been found by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to be expressed in 59.2% of 130 eCCA tumours in a large series [68]; a further study of 111 eCCA cases suggested expression by IHC in 69% of dCCA tumours compared with only 25% of pCCA (p < 0.0001) [105].