ARHGEF12 and leukemia: Besides, several factors, including blockade of phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class U (PIGU) by activating an MAPK signaling pathway, increased leukemia-associated RhoA guanine exchange factor (LARG) owing to PTEN deficiency, induction of NIS proteolysis by valosin-containing protein as a component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, and overexpression of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1)-binding factor (PBF), have been shown to trigger impairment of NIS membrane targeting [35,36,37,38,39,40,41].