For instance, TGF-β1 secretion by mesenchymal stem cells activated SMAD2/3 through TGF-β receptors and induced lncRNA MACC1-AS1 expression in gastric cancer cells, which promoted stemness and chemoresistance [51], and MACC1-AS1 positively regulated TGF-ß1 expression, resulting in increased invasion and migration rates in hepatocellular cancer cells [52]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and hepatocellular carcinoma.