VEGFA and neoplasm: In this regard, tumor-derived immunoregulatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, CC-chemokine-ligand-2, VEGF and granulocyte-monocyte-colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF), as well as prostaglandin E2, metabolic dysregulation and tissue hypoxia, contribute to the polarization of monocytes and macrophages towards TAMs [27].