It is noteworthy to mention that CXCL12 has been described as a novel, non-steroidal growth factor that promotes the growth of prostate epithelial cells via androgen receptor-dependent mechanisms in the absence of steroid hormones, supporting the therapeutic targeting of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as supplementary to targeting the androgen/AR axis to effectively treat castration resistant/recurrent PCa [507]. Here, CXCR4 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.