PDCD1 and glioblastoma: A Phase III trial (CheckMate 143) compared the efficacy of the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab, either alone or in combination with the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab, versus the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor bevacizumab in a subset of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (Table 1) [18].