TNF and colitis: Besides the tissue damage in the histopathological image, the colitis is generally accompanied by the abnormal secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as immune chemokines [24] As showed in Figure 5, the stimulation of DSS significantly increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1 and LPS than NC group (p < 0.05), whereas the supplementation of GP notably inhibited the DSS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and LPS as compared with PC.