VDR and neoplasm: A lack of VDR is linked to transcriptional (by silencing by DNA methylation or repression by SNAIL1/2), posttranscriptional (by several microRNAs) or posttranslational (phosphorylation, alteration of subcellular localization) inhibitory mechanisms, and low cell responsiveness to VDR ligands is often associated with upregulation of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 degrading enzyme CYP24A1 in tumor cells.