VEGFA and carcinoma: In diverse types of carcinoma cells (colon, prostate, and breast), the anti-angiogenic action of 1,25-(OH)2D3 relies to a great extent on its ability to inhibit two major angiogenesis promoters: it suppresses the expression and activity of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a key transcription factor in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, and of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A.