ALB and kidney disorder: DKD is defined as the presence of persisting severely elevated albuminuria > 300 mg/24 h (or >200 μg/min) or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) > 300 mg/g, confirmed in at least 2 of 3 samples, with concurrent presence of diabetic retinopathy and absence of signs of other forms of renal disease in both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) [49].