For example, in MALT lymphoma, somatic gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of CARD11, BCL-10, and MALT1 cause overexpression of BCL-10 or MALT1, causing abnormal NF-κB activation and formation of malignant tumors.29 At the same time, loss-of-function (LOF) variants can also occur in children with combinatorial immunodeficiency induced by components used in CBM.30 Here, MALT1 is linked to immune system disorder.