Finally, while the majority of T-cell priming was dependent on the presence of DCs, ~30% of the CD8+ T-cell priming was observed when stressed/injured live tumor cells were co-cultured with OT-I CD8+ T-cells even in the complete absence of DCs (unpublished data), indicating that T-cells were capable of directly recognizing the peptide antigen on the surface of the live injured tumor cells, possibly in the presence of some type of stress-induced co-stimulatory signal (Figure 1– illustration ‘bʻ). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.