For PTB, sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) and ceramide are central molecules and are decisive for sphingolipid signaling; otherwise, they are about the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ during the course of infection and infiltration of pulmonary CD11b+ macrophages and expression of S-1P receptor-3 (S-1PR3) in the lungs during the course of infection (Braverman et al., 2016; Nadella et al., 2019). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.