To further characterize the distinct pathobiology of IUP, we identified DEPs (permutation-based t-test FDR <0.05) between IUP and PUC, namely, PKP2, PYGB, SERPINH1, and TUBB, and those between IUP and NU, namely, ALDH1L1, JUP, COL14A1, and VIM (Figure 2A and Supplementary Figures S3A, B). Here, PKP2 is linked to inverted urothelial papilloma.