GPC3 and cancer: Numerous studies have revealed that tumor-specific CTLs possess favorable cytotoxicity towards various types of cancer cell; in the presence of glypican-3 (GPC3), GPC3-specific CTLs diminish hepatocellular carcinoma cells (37), and melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-3)-specific CTLs inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells and the growth of tumor xenografts in nude mice (38).