TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The further detection of IL-1β and TNF-α corroborated the activation of M1 microglia by showing that IL-1β and TNF-α protein expressions are elevated in the T1DM mice (Figure 3(c); P = 0.0135 for IL-1β, P = 0.0006 for TNF-α, n = 5).