These cytokines not only activate the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)) at the serine site (normally the tyrosine site) but also activates other inflammation-related negative regulators (such as inhibitors of cytokine signal transduction) in the IRS protein to inhibit cell insulin signal transduction in target organs and cause insulin resistance [63]. The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is Insulin resistance.