In addition, the cytokine levels were found to be elevated during endophthalmitis, including the levels of granulocyte colony stimulating factor, growth-regulated oncogene, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ-induced protein 10, MCP-1, MCP-3, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, IL-1β, transforming growth factor alpha, and TNF-α (52). Here, TNF is linked to endophthalmitis.