The gene expression profile of activated lung macrophages in COVID-19 displays similarity with sHLH and MAS macrophages, and both sHLH/MAS and SARS-CoV-2 – induced cytokine storms include IL-2, IL-7, G-CSF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α and 1β, and TNF-α elevations (98). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.