IL1B and COVID-19: Therefore, whereas mild COVID-19 features HLA-DRhigh CD11chigh monocytes, severe disease features HLA-DRlow S100Ahigh classical monocytes showing signs of activation such as elevated CD169 and CD163 expression, upregulation of ISGs, and increased release of alarmins and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 (70, 71).