TGFB1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Burgeoning evidence also shows that ROS-induced oxidative stress contributes to development of cardiac fibrosis in DCM by upregulating the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1; a central mediator of cardiac fibrosis) (Purnomo et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2021).