Curcumin could also attenuate CS-induced inflammation both in vivo and in vitro by modulating the PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathway (Li et al., 2019), along with attenuating airway inflammation and remodeling by blocking NF-κB and COX-2 signaling on CS-induced COPD mice (Yuan et al., 2018). Here, NFKB1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.