TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Most COVID-19 patients with ARDS are associated with elevated levels of various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (CXCL10), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Huang et al., 2020).